Logo PTI Logo FedCSIS

Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Computer Science and Intelligence Systems

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems, Volume 35

Explainability in RIONA Algorithm Combining Rule Induction and Instance-Based Learning

, ,

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15439/2023F4139

Citation: Proceedings of the 18th Conference on Computer Science and Intelligence Systems, M. Ganzha, L. Maciaszek, M. Paprzycki, D. Ślęzak (eds). ACSIS, Vol. 35, pages 491502 ()

Full text

Abstract. The article concerns the well-known RIONA algorithm. We focus on the explainability property of this algorithm. The theoretical results, formulated and proved in the paper, show the relationships of the RIONA classifiers to both instance- and rule-based classifiers. In particular, we show the equivalence (relative to the classification) of the RIONA algorithm with the rule-based algorithm generating all consistent and maximally general rules from the neighbourhood of the test case. Consequently, the RIONA classifier can be represented by a rule-based classifier, with rules easily interpretable by humans. These theoretical results provide the explainability of the classifiers generated by RIONA and could be used in situations when an explanation or justification of the derived decision is important. It should be noted that the RIONA algorithm requires analysing only a small number of objects and rules contrary to algorithms based on the generation of huge sets of rules.

References

  1. S. J. Russell and P. Norvig, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 4th ed. Hoboken, NJ: Pearson Education, 2021.
  2. T. Hastie, R. Tibshirani, and J. Friedman, The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction, 2nd ed. New York, NY: Springer, 2009. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-84858-7
  3. T. M. Mitchell, Machine Learning. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 1997.
  4. G. Góra and A. Wojna, “RIONA: A New Classification System Combining Rule Induction and Instance-Based Learning,” Fundamenta Informaticae, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 369–390, 2002. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.5555/2371138.2371141
  5. ——, “RIONA: A Classifier Combining Rule Induction and K-nn Method with Automated Selection of Optimal Neighbourhood,” in Proceedings of the 13th European Conference on Machine Learning (ECML 2002). Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2002, pp. 111–123. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-36755-1_10
  6. G. Góra, “Combining instance-based learning and rule-based methods for imbalanced data,” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, 2022, [Online]. Available: https://www.mimuw.edu.pl/sites/default/files/gora_grzegorz_rozprawa_doktorska.pdf.
  7. J. Fürnkranz, D. Gamberger, and N. Lavrac, Foundations of Rule Learning, ser. Cognitive Technologies. Heidelberg: Springer, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75197-7
  8. A. Skowron and D. Śl ̨ezak, “Rough sets turn 40: From information systems to intelligent systems,” in Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Computer Science and Intelligence Systems, FedCSIS 2022, Sofia, Bulgaria, September 4-7, 2022, ser. Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems, M. Ganzha, L. A. Maciaszek, M. Paprzycki, and D. Ślęzak, Eds., vol. 30, 2022, pp. 23–34. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.15439/2022F310
  9. C. C. Aggarwal, “Instance-Based Learning: A Survey,” in Data Classification: Algorithms and Applications, 1st ed., C. C. Aggarwal, Ed. New York: Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2014, pp. 157–186. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1201/b17320
  10. C. Cornelis, “Hybridization of fuzzy sets and rough sets: Achievements and opportunities,” in Proceedings of the 17th Conference on Computer Science and Intelligence Systems, FedCSIS 2022, Sofia, Bulgaria, September 4-7, 2022, ser. Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems, M. Ganzha, L. A. Maciaszek, M. Paprzycki, and D. Ślęzak, Eds., vol. 30, 2022, pp. 7–14. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.15439/2022F302
  11. A. Adadi and M. Berrada, “Peeking Inside the Black-Box: A Survey on Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI),” IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 52 138–52 160, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2870052
  12. F. K. Došilović, M. Brčić, and N. Hlupić, “Explainable artificial intelligence: A survey,” in 2018 41st International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO). Croatian Society MIPRO, 2018, pp. 0210–0215. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.23919/MIPRO.2018.8400040
  13. H. Hagras, “Toward Human-Understandable, Explainable AI,” Computer, vol. 51, no. 9, pp. 28–36, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/MC.2018.3620965
  14. D. W. Aha, Ed., Lazy Learning, 1st ed. Dordrecht: Springer, 1997. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2053-3
  15. A. Wojna and R. Latkowski, “Rseslib 3: Library of Rough Set and Machine Learning Methods with Extensible Architecture,” in Transactions on Rough Sets XXI, J. F. Peters and A. Skowron, Eds. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2019, pp. 301–323.
  16. N. Dey, S. Borah, R. Babo, and A. S. Ashour, Eds., Social Network Analytics: Computational Research Methods and Techniques, 1st ed. London: Academic Press, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/C2017-0-02844-6
  17. L. Grama and C. Rusu, “Choosing an accurate number of mel frequency cepstral coefficients for audio classification purpose,” in Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Image and Signal Processing and Analysis (ISPA 2017), 2017, pp. 225–230. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/ISPA.2017.8073600
  18. R. de Oliveira Almeida and G. T. Valente, “Predicting metabolic pathways of plant enzymes without using sequence similarity: Models from machine learning,” The Plant Genome, vol. 13, no. 3, p. e20043, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1002/tpg2.20043
  19. C. Rusu and L. Grama, “Recent developments in acoustical signal classification for monitoring,” in 2017 5th International Symposium on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ISEEE), 2017, pp. 1–10. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEEE.2017.8170705
  20. L. Grama and C. Rusu, “Adding audio capabilities to TIAGo service robot,” in 2018 International Symposium on Electronics and Telecommunications (ISETC), 2018, pp. 1–4. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1109/ISETC.2018.858389
  21. A. Almasri, E. Celebi, and R. S. Alkhawaldeh, “EMT: Ensemble Meta-Based Tree Model for Predicting Student Performance,” Scientific Programming, vol. 2019, pp. Article No. 3 610 248, 1–13, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/3610248
  22. N. R. Howes, Modern Analysis and Topology. New York: Springer Science+Business Media, 1995. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0833-4
  23. P. Domingos, “Unifying instance-based and rule-based induction,” Machine Learning, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 141–168, 1996. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00058656
  24. H. S. Nguyen and A. Skowron, “Quantization of Real Value Attributes – Rough Set and Boolean Reasoning Approach,” in Proceedings of the 2nd Joint Annual Conference on Information Sciences (JCIS 1995), 1995, pp. 34–37.
  25. A. Skowron and C. Rauszer, “The Discernibility Matrices and Functions in Information Systems,” in Intelligent Decision Support: Handbook of Applications and Advances of the Rough Sets Theory, R. Słowiński, Ed. Dordrecht: Springer, 1992, pp. 331–362. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7975-9_21
  26. C. Sammut and G. I. Webb, Eds., Encyclopedia of Machine Learning and Data Mining, 2nd ed. USA: Springer, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-7687-1
  27. H. S. Nguyen, “Approximate Boolean Reasoning: Foundations and Applications in Data Mining,” in Transactions on Rough Sets V, J. F. Peters and A. Skowron, Eds. Heidelberg: Springer, 2006, pp. 334–506. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/11847465_16
  28. J. G. Bazan and M. Szczuka, “RSES and RSESlib – A Collection of Tools for Rough Set Computations,” in Rough Sets and Current Trends in Computing (RSCTC 2001). Heidelberg: Springer, 2001, pp. 106–113. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-45554-X_12
  29. J. W. Grzymala-Busse, “LERS-A System for Learning from Examples Based on Rough Sets,” in Intelligent Decision Support: Handbook of Applications and Advances of the Rough Sets Theory, R. Słowiński, Ed. Dordrecht: Springer, 1992, pp. 3–18. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7975-9_1
  30. S. H. Nguyen, “Regularity Analysis and its Applications in Data Mining,” in Rough Set Methods and Applications: New Developments in Knowledge Discovery in Information Systems, L. Polkowski, S. Tsumoto, and T. Y. Lin, Eds. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag, 2000, pp. 289–378. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-1840-6_7
  31. R. S. Michalski, I. Mozetic, J. Hong, and N. Lavrac, “The Multi-Purpose Incremental Learning System AQ15 and Its Testing Application to Three Medical Domains,” in Proceedings of the 5th AAAI National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. AAAI Press, 1986, pp. 1041–1045.
  32. J. G. Bazan, “Discovery of Decision Rules by Matching New Objects Against Data Tables,” in Rough Sets and Current Trends in Computing (RSCTC 1998). Heidelberg: Springer, 1998, pp. 521–528. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-69115-4_72
  33. Z. Pawlak and A. Skowron, “A Rough Set Approach to Decision Rules Generation,” in Proceedings of the Workshop W12: The Management of Uncertainty at the 13th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI 1993). Chambéry: Morgan Kaufmann, 1993, pp. 114–119.
  34. J. Wróblewski, “Covering with Reducts – A Fast Algorithm for Rule Generation,” in Rough Sets and Current Trends in Computing (RSCTC 1998). Heidelberg: Springer, 1998, pp. 402–407. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-69115-4_72
  35. J. G. Bazan, H. S. Nguyen, S. H. Nguyen, P. Synak, and J. Wróblewski, “Rough Set Algorithms in Classification Problem,” in Rough Set Methods and Applications: New Developments in Knowledge Discovery in Information Systems, L. Polkowski, S. Tsumoto, and T. Y. Lin, Eds. Heidelberg: Physica-Verlag, 2000, pp. 49–88. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7908-1840-6_3