Logo PTI Logo icetasi

Proceedings of the 2025 International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Applied Science Innovations

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems, Volume 46

Study on the optimization of FDM parameters for the manufacture of flexural specimens from recycled ASA in the context of the transition to the circular economy

, ,

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15439/2025I24

Citation: Proceedings of the 2025 International Conference on Engineering, Technology and Applied Science Innovations, Gerasimos Pylarinos, Christos P. Antonopoulos, George Syrrokostas, Panteleimon Apostolopoulos, Stratos David (eds). ACSIS, Vol. 46, pages 1520 ()

Full text

Abstract. This paper investigates how variable 3D printing parameters by fused deposition modeling (FDM) influence the mechanical properties of 3-point bending specimens made from recycled acrylonitrile styrene acrylate (rASA) filament. Using variable thermoplastic extrusion parameters [layer height Lh = (0.10, 0.15, 0.20) mm and fill percentage Ip = (50, 75, 100)\%], 45 3-point bending specimens were additively fabricated from Everfil rASA filament on the QIDI Q1 Pro 3D printer. All fabricated specimens were subjected to 3-point bending tests on the Barrus White 20 kN universal testing machine. The analysis shows that both selected parameters (Lh and Ip) contribute to the changes in the maximum flexural stress (σf) of the rASA filament additive manufacturing specimens. Of the two, the filling percentage shows a significantly stronger effect, exceeding the influence of the layer height by 55.89\%.

References

  1. Available online: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/news/ro/press-room/20240419IPR20589/noi-norme-ue-pentru-a-reduce-refolosi-si-recicla-ambalajele (accesed on 14 February 2025).
  2. H. A. Colorado, E. I. G. Velásquez, and S. N. Monteiro, “Sustainability of additive manufacturing: the circular economy of materials and environmental perspectives,” Journal of Materials Research and Technology, vol. 9, no. 4, pp. 8221–8234, Jul. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2020.04.062.
  3. M. Sauerwein, E. Doubrovski, R. Balkenende, and C. Bakker, “Exploring the potential of additive manufacturing for product design in a circular economy,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 226, pp. 1138–1149, Jul. 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.04.108.
  4. F. A. Cruz Sanchez, H. Boudaoud, M. Camargo, and J. M. Pearce, “Plastic recycling in additive manufacturing: A systematic literature review and opportunities for the circular economy,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 264, p. 121602, Aug. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121602.
  5. T. M. Tavares, G. M. D. Ganga, M. Godinho Filho, and V. P. Rodrigues, “The benefits and barriers of additive manufacturing for circular economy: A framework proposal,” Sustainable Production and Consumption, vol. 37, pp. 369–388, May 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2023.03.006.
  6. A. Cress, J. Huynh, E. Anderson, R. O’neill, Y. Schneider, and Ö. Keleş, “Effect of recycling on the mechanical behavior and structure of additively manufactured acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS),” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 279, p. 123689, Aug. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123689.
  7. J. Pakkanen, D. Manfredi, P. Minetola, and L. Iuliano, About the Use of Recycled or Biodegradable Filaments for Sustainability of 3D Printing. 2017, p. 785.
  8. A.-K. Behnert, O. Antons, and J. Arlinghaus, “Exploring the Challenges of Circular Economy Adoption: A Supply Chain Perspective,” IFAC-PapersOnLine, vol. 58, no. 19, pp. 211–216, Jan. 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifacol.2024.09.168.
  9. I. Ibrahim, A. Ashour, W. Zeiada, N. Salem, and M. Abdallah, “A Systematic Review on the Technical Performance and Sustainability of 3D Printing Filaments Using Recycled Plastic,” Sustainability, vol. 16, p. 8247, Sep. 2024, https://doi.org/10.3390/su16188247.
  10. A. Oussai, B. Zoltan, and L. Kátai, “Development of 3D Printing Raw Materials from Plastic Waste. A Case Study on Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate,” Applied Sciences, vol. 11, p. 7338, Aug. 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/app11167338.
  11. M. Jürgens and H.-J. Endres, “Environmental impacts of circular economy practices for plastic products in Europe: Learnings from life cycle assessment studies,” Procedia CIRP, vol. 122, pp. 312–317, Jan. 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2024.01.046.
  12. A. Mecheter, F. Tarlochan, and P. B. Pathare, “Exploring Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Based Cushioning Design to Reduce Bruise Damage in Pears,” Applied Sciences, vol. 14, no. 13, p. 5936, Jan. 2024, https://doi.org/10.3390/app14135936.
  13. P. Q. K. Nguyen et al., “Influences of printing parameters on mechanical properties of recycled PET and PETG using fused granular fabrication technique,” Polymer Testing, vol. 132, p. 108390, Mar. 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2024.108390.
  14. T. K. Meyer, N. G. Tanikella, M. J. Reich, and J. M. Pearce, “Potential of distributed recycling from hybrid manufacturing of 3-D printing and injection molding of stamp sand and acrylonitrile styrene acrylate waste composite,” Sustainable Materials and Technologies, vol. 25, p. e00169, Sep. 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2020.e00169.
  15. W. Ma and J. L. Hao, “Enhancing a circular economy for construction and demolition waste management in China: A stakeholder engagement and key strategy approach,” Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 450, p. 141763, Apr. 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141763.
  16. W. Ma, T. Liu, J. L. Hao, W. Wu, and X. Gu, “Towards a circular economy for construction and demolition waste management in China: Critical success factors,” Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, vol. 35, p. 101226, Oct. 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2023.101226.
  17. J. Ahmed et al., “Mechanical properties evaluation of recycled high density polyethylene via additive manufacturing,” vol. Vol. 2 No. 2, pp. 1–9, Dec. 2023, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10012303.
  18. N. K. Mansour et al., “Circular economy and 3D printing in the healthcare sector,” Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, vol. 13, Mar. 2025, https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2025.1548550.
  19. A. Romani, S. Caba, R. Suriano, and M. Levi, “Recycling Glass and Carbon Fibers for Reusable Components in the Automotive Sector through Additive Manufacturing,” Applied Sciences, vol. 13, no. 10, p. 5848, Jan. 2023, https://doi.org/10.3390/app13105848.
  20. L. E. Ruiz, A. C. Pinho, and D. N. Resende, “3D Printing as a Disruptive Technology for the Circular Economy of Plastic Components of End-of-Life Vehicles: A Systematic Review,” Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 20, p. 13256, Jan. 2022, https://doi.org/10.3390/su142013256.
  21. J. Zhao, Y. Yang, M. H. Kobir, J. Faludi, and F. Zhao, “Driving additive manufacturing towards circular economy: State-of-the-art and future research directions,” Journal of Manufacturing Processes, vol. 124, pp. 621–637, Aug. 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2024.06.018.
  22. T. A. Alka, R. Raman, and M. Suresh, “Research trends in innovation ecosystem and circular economy,” Discover Sustainability, vol. 5, Oct. 2024, https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-024-00535-5.
  23. A. D. Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz, B. Siwczyk, A. Bączyk, and A. Romankiewicz, “Mechanical properties of recycled PLA and PETG printed by FDM/FFM method,” Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, vol. 119, pp. 49–59, Aug. 2023, https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.9490.
  24. Der O., “Multi-Output Prediction and Optimization of CO2 Laser Cutting Quality in FFF-Printed ASA Thermoplastics Using Machine Learning Approaches,” Polymers 2025, Polymers 2025, 17, 1910. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17141910
  25. Ardeljan, D.D.; Frunzaverde, D.; Cojocaru, V.; Turiac, R.R.; Bacescu, N.; Ciubotariu, C.R.; Marginean, G. The Impact of Elevated Printing Speeds and Filament Color on the Dimensional Precision and Tensile Properties of FDM-Printed PLA Specimens. Polymers 2025, 17, 2090. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17152090
  26. D. V. Iacob, D. G. Zisopol, M. Minescu, Study on the Optimization of FDM Parameters for the Manufacture of Three-Point Bending Specimens from PETG and Recycled PETG in the Context of the Transition to the Circular Economy. Polymers 2025, 17, 1645. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17121645
  27. D. G. Zisopol, M. Minescu, D. V. Iacob, A Technical–Economic Study on Optimizing FDM Parameters to Manufacture Pieces Using Recycled PETG and ASA Materials in the Context of the Circular Economy Transition. Polymers 2025, 17, 122. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17010122.
  28. D. G. Zisopol, M. Minescu, and D. V. Iacob, “A Study on the Optimization of FDM Parameters for the Manufacturing of Compression Specimens from recycled ASA in the Context of the Transition to the Circular Economy”, Eng. Technol. Appl. Sci. Res., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 19898–19902, Feb. 2025.
  29. A. S. Jaber, A. M. Saleh, and M. Q. Ibraheem, “A Study on the Influence of Enclosure Temperature Control on the Printing of ABS Filament in a Three-Dimension Printer”, Eng. Technol. Appl. Sci. Res., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 20681–20686, Apr. 2025.
  30. V.-L. Trinh, T.-D. Hoang, and Q.-T. Ngo, “The Influence of Processing Parameters on the Tensile Strength of 3D Printed Products”, Eng. Technol. Appl. Sci. Res., vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 22663–22668, Jun. 2025.
  31. A. Romani, M. Levi, and J. Pearce, “Recycled polycarbonate and polycarbonate/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene feedstocks for circular economy product applications with fused granular fabrication-based additive manufacturing,” Sustainable Materials and Technologies, vol. 38, p. e00730, Sep. 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susmat.2023.e00730.
  32. M. Ateeq, A. Akbar, and M. Shafique, “Advancing circular economy: Comparative analysis of recycled and virgin carbon fiber 3D printed composites on performance and eco-efficiency,” Polymer, vol. 317, p. 127865, Jan. 2025, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2024.127865.
  33. A. Al Rashid and M. Koç, “3D-Printed recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET) sandwich structures – Influence of infill design and density on tensile, dynamic mechanical, and creep response,” International Journal of Lightweight Materials and Manufacture, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 442–452, Jul. 2025, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlmm.2025.03.001.
  34. Available online: https://eu.qidi3d.com/pages/software-firmware (accessed on 4 January 2025).
  35. ISO 178:2019, Plastics — Determination of flexural properties.
  36. Available online: https://www.minitab.com/en-us/, (accessed on 7 March 2025).